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【豆瓣】古希腊语（Attic）名词第一、第二变位法总结
typing ancient greek on mac
北大哲学系推送-程炜老师古希腊语学习午餐会
Ancient Greek (TGC)
Lesson 1: Alphabet
Erasmus — restored classical pronunciation
Homer (800 BCE) — Classical attic (5 Century BCE) — common literary dialect (κοινὴ διάλεκτος) (standard after the conquest of Alexander the Great)
this course focuses on Homeric Greek first
Breathing mark: ᾽ rough breathing (with h) ; ῾ smooth breathing (without h)
Diphthongs: two vowels sounded as one
diaeresis: ϊ ( ι is pronounced seperately
Lesson 2: First-declension Nouns
endings on nouns and adjectives - declension
endings on verbs - conjugation
iota subscript: ι \ ῃ
Ex: Βουλή (plan)
Eg2 : ἀρχή (beginning) …
Lesson 3: Accent
invented by Aristophanes of Byzantium (Head of the great library at Alexandria)
acute: ´ (typing ; )
grave: ` (typing ] )
circumflex: ῀ (typing [ )
- originally a pitch accent, not a stress accent (rose with acute, fell with grave, rose and fell with circumflex)
Greek prose : treat accents as simple stress accents
Greek poetry : ignore accents entirely
Persistent accents: Accents are persistent (try to stay where they are if possible)
Recessive accents (verbs): try to go as far back from the end of the word as the rules of accentuation will permit (at most 3 syllables from the end)
Ultima / Penult / Antepenult
An acute may stand on any of the last syllables
A grave may stand only on the last syllable
An acute on the ultima turns into a frave, if followed by another word with no intervening mark of punctuation
Circumflexes can stand on either penult or ultima
A circumflex can stand on the ultima if the final vowel or diphthong is long
A circumflex can also stand on the penult if the second to last vowel is long and the final vowel is short
No accent can stand farther back from the end than the penult if the final syllable is long
Eg: ἑλώριον (booty or plunder)(acute on antepenult) ;
ἑλωρἰου (Gen. of the booty)(accent on penult because ultima “ου” is diphthong and all diphthongs are long)
Long syllables can carry either circumflex or acute
Nominatives and accusatives tend to use acutes on ultima whereas the genitive and dative tend to use circumflexes (βουλή / βουλῆς)
If a circumflexes appears on the penult, the ultima must be short
Eg: δοῦλος (slave) ; δούλου (of the slave)
Acutes and graves go after the brething mark: ὅς (typing / (smooth acute) + (smoth grave) - (smooth circumflex) and use shift for routh)
Circumflexes are placed above the breathing mark: ὧρα ἧρως
Put diacritical marks over the second vowel of the diphthong: οὔνεκα
For capital letters we place the marks in front of the vowel
When diacriticals stand over the first vowel of what should typically be a diphthong, the vowels are pronounced seperately: Ἅις, Ἄιδος
Proclitics: procline (ἐν χερσίν)
Enclitics: have accents, but habitually lose them to the words that precede them
(eg in English: The car is red → the car’s red)
(eg in Greek: βουλὴ καλή ἐστι): last two words treated as one
Lesson 4: Additional Patterns for First Declension
Rules of definite article
α sometimes appears in place of η in first declension
In glossary, all the nouns are listed first in nominative, Gen. Singular following, then definite article (ὁ masculine, ἡ feminine, τό neuter)
Homeric plural endings: αι, αων, ῃσι, ας
Koine pluarl genitive : αων → ων
Homeric dative plural (variations): ῃσι → ῃς → αις (in latter greek)
Lesson 5: Verbs in the Present Tense
change ος ending to ε when calling out to someone (χαίρε, Μυλωνικέ)
Greek verbs can be described in terms of person, number, tense, mood, and voice
- Voice: active or passive (active for this lesson)
- Mood: indicative (for this lesson)- states facts; imperative - gives orders
- Tense: present (for this lesson)
deeper in person & number
To find a verb’s base, remove the first person ending
Verb (first person present sigular form) in dictionary
Simple present: I stop
Present progressive: I am stopping (for questioning: am I stoping)
Emphatic present: I do stop (use it for questions: do I stop?)
All the same in Ancient Greek: παύω
Lesson 6: Adjective forms & Second-Declension Nouns
adjectives must agree with the nouns that they modify in case, number, and gender
In Homer, the second declension dative plural can drop the final iota (-οισι → -οις), this shorten version becomes standard in Koine
Review:
In glossaries, adjectives are listed as: καλός, ή, όν (indicates it follows the pattern of first and second declension)
Exception: νοῦσος, ου, ή (plague, disease) despite its thouroughly masculine appearance, is feminine. It declines like masculine second declension, but the adjectives agree on case, number,and gender, not ending.